Which of the following situations represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of audio-taped instructions to patients being discharged home after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?

Question

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The passing of audio-taped instructions from the experimental group to the control group threatens the internal validity of the study because it creates contamination between the groups, potentially making it difficult to determine the true effect of the intervention. The inclusion of both men and women, the addition of new surgeons, and the duration of data collection may impact external validity but do not directly affect the internal validity of the study.

Which of the Following Situations Represents a Threat to Internal