How Differently Is the Independent Variable Handled in Studies with an Experimental

How differently is the independent variable handled in studies with an experimental design or a quasi-experimental design?

A) An independent variable is not identified or needed in a quasi-experimental design.
B) Both designs identify an independent variable, and both manipulate the independent variable.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the outcome, but quasi-experimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs identify it before the research is initiated, and quasi-experimental designs identify it after the data have been analyzed.