The use of which of the following during pregnancy causes vasoconstriction and decreased placental perfusion,resulting in maternal and neonatal complications?

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Smoking in pregnancy is known to cause a decrease in placental perfusion and is the cause of low birth weight.Prenatal alcohol exposure is the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation.Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause high blood pressure,miscarriage,premature birth,stillbirth,and anemia.Caffeine may interfere with certain medications and make arrhythmias worse.Chocolate,particularly dark chocolate,contains caffeine.

The Use of Which of the Following During Pregnancy Causes