While developing an intrapartum care plan for the patient in early labor,it is important that the nurse recognize that psychosocial factors may influence a woman's experience of pain.These include: (Select all that apply.)
A) culture.
B) anxiety and fear.
C) previous experiences with pain.
D) intervention of caregivers.
E) support systems.

Question

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Culture: A woman's sociocultural roots influence how she perceives,interprets,and responds to pain during childbirth.Some cultures encourage loud and vigorous expressions of pain,whereas others value self-control.The nurse should avoid praising some behaviors (stoicism)while belittling others (noisy expression).Anxiety and fear: Extreme anxiety and fear magnify sensitivity to pain and impair a woman's ability to tolerate it.Anxiety and fear increase muscle tension in the pelvic area,which counters the expulsive forces of uterine contractions and pushing efforts.Previous experiences with pain: Fear and withdrawal are a natural response to pain during labor.Learning about these normal sensations ahead of time helps a woman suppress her natural reactions of fear regarding the impending birth.If a woman previously had a long and difficult labor,she is likely to be anxious.She may also have learned ways to cope and may use these skills to adapt to the present labor experience.Support systems: An anxious partner is less able to provide help and support to a woman during labor.A woman's family and friends can be an important source of support if they convey realistic and positive information about labor and delivery.Although the intervention of caregivers may be necessary for the well-being of the woman and her fetus,some interventions add discomfort to the natural pain of labor (i.e.,fetal monitor straps,intravenous lines).

While Developing an Intrapartum Care Plan for the Patient in Early