The baseline fetal heart rate (FHR)is the average rate during a 10-minute segment.Changes in FHR are categorized as periodic or episodic.These patterns include both accelerations and decelerations.The labor nurse is evaluating the patient's most recent 10-minute segment on the monitor strip and notes a late deceleration.This is likely to be caused by which physiologic alteration? (Select all that apply.)

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Late decelerations are almost always caused by uteroplacental insufficiency.Insufficiency is caused by uterine tachysystole,maternal hypotension,epidural or spinal anesthesia,IUGR,intraamniotic infection,or placental abruption.Spontaneous fetal movement,vaginal examination,fetal scalp stimulation,fetal reaction to external sounds,uterine contractions,fundal pressure and abdominal palpation are all likely to cause accelerations of the FHR.Early decelerations are most often the result of fetal head compression and may be caused by uterine contractions,fundal pressure,vaginal examination,and placement of an internal electrode.A variable deceleration is likely caused by umbilical cord compression.This may happen when the umbilical cord is around the baby's neck,arm,leg,or other body part or when there is a short cord,a knot in the cord,or a prolapsed cord.

The Baseline Fetal Heart Rate (FHR)is the Average Rate During