When managing the care of a woman in the second stage of labor,the nurse uses various measures to enhance the progress of fetal descent.These measures include:

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Upright positions and squatting both may enhance the progress of fetal descent.Many factors dictate when a woman will begin pushing.Complete cervical dilation is necessary,but it is only one factor.If the fetal head is still in a higher pelvic station,the physician or midwife may allow the woman to "labor down" (allowing more time for fetal descent,thereby reducing the amount of pushing needed)if the woman is able.The epidural may mask the sensations and muscle control needed for the woman to push effectively.Closed glottic breathing may trigger the Valsalva maneuver,which increases intrathoracic and cardiovascular pressures,reducing cardiac output and inhibiting perfusion of the uterus and placenta.In addition,holding the breath for longer than 5 to 7 seconds diminishes the perfusion of oxygen across the placenta and results in fetal hypoxia.

When Managing the Care of a Woman in the Second