Late in pregnancy,the woman's breasts should be assessed by the nurse to identify any potential concerns related to breastfeeding.Some nipple conditions make it necessary to provide intervention before birth.These include: (Select all that apply.)

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Flat nipples appear soft,like the areola,and do not stand erect unless stimulated by rolling them between the fingers.Inverted nipples are retracted into the breast tissue.These nipples appear normal; however,they will draw inward when the areola is compressed by the infant's mouth.Dome-shaped devices known as breast shells can be worn during the last weeks of pregnancy and between feedings after birth.The shells are placed inside the bra with the opening over the nipple.The shells exert slight pressure against the areola to help the nipples protrude.The helpfulness of breast shells is debated.A breast pump can be used to draw the nipples out before feedings after delivery.Everted nipples protrude and are normal.No intervention will be required.Cracked,blistered,and bleeding nipples occur after breastfeeding has been initiated and are the result of improper latch.The infant should be repositioned during feeding.Application of colostrum and breast milk after feedings will aid in healing.

Late in Pregnancy,the Woman's Breasts Should Be Assessed by the Nurse