What is a key outcome of toxic leadership according to Lipman-Blumen?

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According to Lipman-Blumen, a key outcome of toxic leadership is that followers are worse off than before the leader emerged. This can be due to various negative effects on both the individual and the organization, such as decreased morale, increased turnover, and impaired performance. Toxic leadership can also lead to a toxic organizational culture that perpetuates the negative behaviors and attitudes of the leader.

What Is a Key Outcome of Toxic Leadership According to Lipman-Blumen