A study of Darwin's finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands have developed wide beaks in order to break open seeds.The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is:

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Directional selection occurs when one extreme phenotype is favored over others, leading to a shift in the population's phenotype distribution, such as the development of wide beaks in finches to adapt to environmental changes like drought.

A Study of Darwin's Finches After a Long Period of Drought