During the 1930s, most of the important regulatory programs were delegated to independent commissions with direct responsibility to Congress rather than to the president.This lack of presidential control was the basis of the 1930s reference to these agencies as the

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The phrase "headless fourth branch" refers to the independent commissions that were created during the 1930s with direct responsibility to Congress and no direct control by the president. This term emphasizes the idea that these agencies were separate from the executive branch and had significant power and influence over government policy.

During the 1930s, Most of the Important Regulatory Programs Were