The _______________,identified by Loeber and his associates,begins at an early age with stubborn behavior;it leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

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Loeber and his associates identified the authority conflict pathway, which begins with stubborn behavior in early childhood and leads to defiance and authority avoidance. The other pathways mentioned, covert and overt, do not follow this particular sequence of behaviors. The geometric pathway is not a recognized pathway in the field of psychology or criminology.

The _______________,Identified by Loeber and His Associates,begins at an Early