Dr Kushner Is Planning on Conducting a Study Next Semester

Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
Dr) Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing?

A) Dr. Kushner only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session.
B) Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional.
C) During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner only needs to tell the participants that there was deception.
D) Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.