What was the dominant form of federalism prior to the New Deal?

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Prior to the New Deal, the dominant form of federalism in the United States was dual federalism. This concept was based on the idea that the federal government and state governments each had separate but equally important powers and responsibilities, and that these powers were clearly defined and limited by the Constitution. This meant that the federal government could only act within its specific areas of authority, such as national defense or regulating commerce among the states, while the states retained most of the power to regulate their own internal affairs. This model of federalism emphasized a strict separation of powers between the federal and state governments, and it was the dominant form of federalism until the New Deal era in the 1930s.

What Was the Dominant Form of Federalism Prior to the New