The nurse is caring for the patient who has had major abdominal surgery and also has a large sacral pressure sore.The nurse implements coughing and deep breathing exercises and consults the wound care specialist to evaluate and prescribe care for the pressure sore,even though no physician order has provided instructions to do so.In doing this,the nurse is implementing the element of

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Autonomy is an essential element of professional nursing.Some independent nursing interventions such as implementing coughing and deep breathing exercises and collaboration with other health professionals can be initiated without medical orders.Accountability means that the nurse is responsible,professionally and legally,for the type and quality of nursing care provided."Advanced practice nurse" is an umbrella term for advanced clinical nurses such as nurse practitioners who provide care to a group of patients.

The Nurse Is Caring for the Patient Who Has Had