The Perioperative Nurse Circulating for a Skin Contracture Release of the Ear

The perioperative nurse circulating for a skin contracture release of the ear on a 5-year-old boy transfers 0.25% bupivacaine via syringe to the scrub person's sterile back table.The scrub person questions why she is not giving him bupivacaine with epinephrine,because there may be bleeding expected at the incision site.The nurse's reply is based on the fact that:

A) epinephrine is contraindicated in areas with limited vascularity, such as the ears.
B) the nurse is complying with the surgeon's standardized order on the preference list.
C) epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction may interfere with normal tissue planes.
D) pediatric heart rates are higher than adult heart rates, and epinephrine can cause tachycardia.