Both the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles have been heavily modified by humans, with profound effects on ecosystems.

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Human activities such as agriculture, industry, and wastewater treatment have significantly altered the natural flow and balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecosystems. The excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, animal waste, and other sources can lead to nutrient pollution, harmful algal blooms, and oxygen depletion in water bodies. These impacts can have serious consequences for the health of aquatic organisms and the overall functioning of ecosystems.

Both the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles Have Been Heavily Modified