At the turn of the twentieth century, reformers were afraid of domination by political bosses.But in the modern metropolis, political machines do NOT run the central city.

Question

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Modern metropolitan areas are typically governed by a complex system of elected officials, civil service systems, and checks and balances that have largely replaced the political machine model of governance that was prevalent in many cities at the turn of the twentieth century. Political machines, characterized by a single leader or small group exerting control over politics and administration often through patronage and corruption, have largely been dismantled or significantly weakened by reforms, changes in political culture, and increased regulatory oversight.

At the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Reformers Were Afraid