Canalization and range of reaction are ____ because traits that are strongly canalized have narrow reaction range, and vice versa.

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Canalization and range of reaction are negatively correlated, meaning that traits that are strongly canalized have a narrow range of reaction, whereas traits that have a wider range of reaction tend to be less canalized. This is because traits that are highly canalized have a strong genetic basis and are less influenced by environmental factors, so individuals with different genotypes have similar phenotypes. On the other hand, traits with a wider range of reaction are more strongly influenced by environmental factors, so individuals with similar genotypes may have different phenotypes depending on their environment.

Canalization and Range of Reaction Are ____ Because Traits That