To avoid inducing a learned-helplessness orientation, and to promote mastery, parents must tell the child that

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Telling the child that failures result from not trying hard enough promotes a sense of control and implies that future success is achievable through increased effort and perseverance. This fosters a mastery-oriented outlook rather than a learned-helplessness orientation. Options A and B suggest that success and failure are outside of the child's control, which can lead to a learned-helplessness mindset. Option D suggests that success is not meaningful, which can also discourage a mastery-oriented outlook.

To Avoid Inducing a Learned-Helplessness Orientation, and to Promote Mastery