In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child's criminal behavior?

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Adoption studies have shown that a biological father's criminal behavior is the strongest predictor of a child's criminal behavior, even if the child is raised in an adoptive family with no criminal history. This suggests that genetics and biological factors play a significant role in criminal behavior. A criminal biological mother also increases the likelihood of a child's criminal behavior, but not as strongly as a criminal biological father. Criminal behavior in adoptive parents or grandparents has not been found to have as strong a correlation with a child's criminal behavior.

In Adoption Studies, Which of the Following Strongly Predicted a Child's