__________ theory argues that leaders often misinterpret another nation's actions as hostile and threatening, and consider their own actions to be merely defensive.

Question

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Misperception theory suggests that leaders can misinterpret another nation's actions as hostile and threatening and therefore consider their own actions as defensive. The theory highlights the role of individual or group biases, cognitive errors and limited information in shaping the leader's perceptions of other nations' intentions.

__________ Theory Argues That Leaders Often Misinterpret Another Nation's Actions