After His Annual Performance Appraisal, Joe Was Disappointed with His

After his annual performance appraisal, Joe was disappointed with his 5 percent increase in pay, compared to the 10 percent increase his colleagues received. When Joe spoke to his manager, he was told his colleagues were able to perform well over the minimum standard. Joe had not been aware of the minimum he was expected to achieve or the levels generally achieved by his colleagues. What would best help Joe improve his performance?

A) increasing Joe's goal commitment
B) increasing Joe's task complexity
C) increasing Joe's dissonance
D) decreasing Joe's valence
E) setting specific goals