Nonpharmacological approaches to pain and/or anxiety that may best meet the needs of critically ill patients include:

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Guided imagery is a powerful technique for controlling pain and anxiety,especially that associated with painful procedures.Similar to guided imagery,a music therapy program offers patients a diversionary technique for pain and anxiety relief.Likewise animal therapy has many benefits for the critically ill patient.Anaerobic exercise is not a nonpharmacological approach for managing pain and anxiety.Most critically ill patients are not able to participate in art therapy.

Nonpharmacological Approaches to Pain And/or Anxiety That May Best Meet