Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation.Which of the following is necessary?
A) He must make a frequency claim first.
B) He must manipulate his two variables.
C) He must measure his two variables.
D) He must conduct an experiment.
E) None of the above are necessary.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

In order to make a causal claim, Stefan must conduct an experiment where he manipulates one variable and measures its effect on another variable. This is necessary in order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables. Simply measuring or describing the variables, or making a frequency claim, is not sufficient to establish causality.

Stefan Wants to Make a Causal Claim in His Dissertation