Membership in a Non-European Ethnic Group Leads to Lower Income

Membership in a non-European ethnic group leads to lower income in retirement.According to the National Seniors Council (2009) ,this situation occurs as a result of which of the following reasons?

A) Racial discrimination throughout life accounts for higher levels of poverty.
B) Members of ethnic groups tend to retire earlier, and are penalized by occupational pensions.
C) Pre-retirement education often does not consider the special needs of members of ethnic groups.
D) Ethnic groups have an unrealistic reliance on their social support network in old age.