Smoking cigarettes and having lung cancer are highly correlated events,and people often logically conclude that smoking must cause the cancer.It is hypothetically possible,however,that having lung cancer causes one to crave nicotine and thus it leads to smoking.This example illustrates the issue of

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The example illustrates a reversed cause-effect relationship, where having lung cancer may cause smoking, rather than smoking causing lung cancer.

Smoking Cigarettes and Having Lung Cancer Are Highly Correlated Events,and