Which of the Following Statements Is True About Takeover Constraint

Which of the following statements is true about takeover constraint?

A) It encourages managers to put their own interests above those of stockholders.
B) It usually occurs when the management has maximized the wealth of the stockholders.
C) It often gives senior managers more independence when it comes to granting stock options.
D) It has ceased to exist in companies since the late 1990s.
E) It is the governance mechanism of last resort invoked only when the others have failed.