The most influential expression of pessimism,Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West,argued that Western Civilization was in the last of which three stages?

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Spengler argued that Western Civilization was in the last stage of "heroic youth, creative maturity, and decadent old age." He believed that civilizations go through cycles of birth, growth, decay, and death, and that Western Civilization was in its final stage of decline. In his view, the current age was marked by a loss of creativity and vitality, and a growing sense of decadence and decay.

The Most Influential Expression of Pessimism,Oswald Spengler's the Decline of the West,argued