In What Way(s)are Protective Factors Effective

In what way(s) are protective factors effective?

A) They reduce negative outcomes by changing the risk level of the child's exposure to a risk factor.
B) They change the negative chain reaction following exposure to risk.
C) They help to develop and maintain self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D) They provide opportunities to children that they would not otherwise have.
E) all of the above