How were empirical studies on the determinants of learning conducted in the past?

Question

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In the past, empirical studies on the determinants of learning were mainly conducted using regressions of average test scores on various measures of school inputs, such as class size, teacher quality, funding, and facilities. This approach allowed researchers to examine the relationship between different school factors and student achievement. Other methods, such as experimental designs or qualitative case studies, were less common in this field.

How Were Empirical Studies on the Determinants of Learning Conducted