Not Among the Reasons for European Overseas Expansion Was That

Not among the reasons for European overseas expansion was that

A) new national states were sufficiently centralized to support and finance exploration and expansion.
B) technological advances pioneered better navigational systems.
C) Europeans were fired by visions of wealth.
D) European governments and merchants wanted alternative ocean routes in order to avoid the high import taxes imposed by the Ottoman Empire.
E) none of these choices