The most-studied invertebrate models for immune function models are:

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Horseshoe crabs and fruit flies are considered the most-studied invertebrate models for immune function models. Horseshoe crabs have a unique immune system that has been extensively studied, particularly their blue blood, which is used to test for endotoxins in medical equipment. Fruit flies have a conserved innate immune system with similarities to mammals, making them a valuable model organism for studying immune function. Starfish, cockroaches, and worms have also been studied for immune function, but not to the same extent as horseshoe crabs and fruit flies.

The Most-Studied Invertebrate Models for Immune Function Models Are