Which of the following had been identified by a leading exponent of left realism as a potent,though not exclusive cause of crime?

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Left realism acknowledges that relative deprivation, or the feeling of being disadvantaged in comparison to one's peers or a larger group, can be a factor that contributes to crime. However, it is not the only cause and left realists reject biological inferiority theories and emphasize the importance of examining social and economic factors. Patriarchy is also recognized as a social problem but not a direct cause of crime. Absolute deprivation, or lacking basic necessities, can also contribute to criminal behavior but is not explicitly identified as a cause by left realism.

Which of the Following Had Been Identified by a Leading