Question 1

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the

Accepted Answer

The hepatic cells store glycogen for use as fuel.

Question 2

The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete

Accepted Answer

Alpha cells secrete glucagon; beta cells secrete insulin; delta cells secrete somatostatin,and pancreatic polypeptide cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide hormone.

Question 3

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit after sustaining a head injury.Based on the injury,it is determined that there is a decrease in ADH.Which of the patient's symptoms would alert the medical team to a possible decrease in ADH?

Accepted Answer

A low sodium level is associated with a low serum osmolality (hypo-osmolar state).When sodium levels rise,plasma osmolality increases (hyperosmolar state).Antidiuretic hormone is then released to stimulate water resorption at the nephron to maintain sodium balance.This process decreases water loss from the body and subsequently concentrates and reduces urine volume.Fluid conserved in this manner is returned to the circulating plasma,where it dilutes the concentration (osmolality)of plasma.

Question 4

Glucagon release is stimulated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon release from the pancreas is stimulated by low blood glucose levels,starvation,exercise,or stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 5

In the healthy body,a normal blood glucose level is maintained by

Accepted Answer

A normal blood glucose level is maintained by the insulin-to-glucagon ratio.When the blood glucose level is high,insulin is released and glucagon is inhibited.When blood glucose levels are low,glucagon rather than insulin is released.

Question 6

Insulin produces hypoglycemia.What other physiologic effect may occur when insulin is given?

Accepted Answer

Insulin is a potent anabolic hormone that produces hypoglycemia and augments the transport of potassium into the cells.With potassium driven into the cells,serum potassium may decrease,resulting in hypokalemia.

Question 7

The nurse knows that when levels of T? and T? are elevated,the pituitary gland inhibits

Accepted Answer

In response to decreased circulating levels of T? and T?,the hypothalamus releases thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH).TRH activates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)in the anterior pituitary,and TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to manufacture and release the thyroid hormones T? and T? in the presence of iodine.

Question 8

When large amounts of ADH are released,the patient's sodium levels will be

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)also contributes to control of the sodium level in the extracellular fluid by control of plasma osmolality.The sodium ion concentration in the plasma largely determines plasma osmolality.Osmoreceptors,located in the hypothalamus,are sensitive to changes in the circulating plasma osmolality.Because ADH causes the patient to retain free water,the patient will have a dilutional hyponatremia.

Question 9

The gland called the "master gland" that has the most influence over all areas of body functioning is the

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus gland is known as the "master gland" because of the influence it has over all areas of body functioning.The hypothalamus controls pituitary gland action and response by secreting substances called release-inhibiting factors.

Question 10

The release of hormones by the pituitary gland is under the control of the

Accepted Answer

The pituitary gland communicates with the hypothalamus by means of a vascular network.

Question 11

ADH works primarily at the

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone has two functions: (1)by means of the V1 receptors,it constricts smooth muscles within the arterial wall,and (2)through V2 receptors,it regulates fluid balance by altering the permeability of the kidney tubule to water.

Question 12

Adequate thyroid function depends on

Accepted Answer

Functioning of the thyroid gland depends on many factors that respond to a delicate hormonal interplay; the hypothalamus,anterior pituitary,dietary intake of iodine,and circulating protein bodies in the blood all affect thyroid gland function.

Question 13

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete to maintain homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol.It regulates fluid homeostasis by means of aldosterone,and it secretes androgens.

Question 14

The endocrine system helps maintain equilibrium throughout the body via

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system controls and communicates by distributing potent hormones throughout the body.

Question 15

Decreased insulin and increased glucagon results in

Accepted Answer

Decreased insulin and increased glucagon results in increased glycogenolysis.

Question 16

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit after sustaining a head injury.Based on the injury,it is determined that there is a decrease in antidiuretic hormone (ADH).The major role of antidiuretic hormone is to regulate

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone has been identified as the single most important hormone responsible for regulating fluid balance within the body.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effects of somatostatin?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin decreases glucagon secretion,and in high quantities,it decreases insulin release.Hyperglycemia stimulates the activity of the delta cells.It is theorized that the release of insulin enables somatostatin to control beta-cell activity.Somatostatin may be involved in the regulation of the postprandial influx of glucose into cells.

Question 18

The effect of increased T? and T? on the body is

Accepted Answer

Both thyroid hormones impact the rate at which oxygen is used in the body and thus affect all metabolic processes in the body.

Question 19

The process by which fat and protein nutrients are broken down into end products that are changed to glucose is

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of "new glucose" (neo).

Question 20

A patient is brought to the hospital with a stab wound after a fight at a local bar.His alcohol level is twice the normal limit.The nurse would expect his serum osmolality to be

Accepted Answer

The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)increases with hypovolemia.Primarily,the plasma osmotic pressure and the volume of circulating blood regulate the release of ADH.Stretch receptors located in the left atrium are sensitive to volume changes in the plasma that may be caused by vomiting,diarrhea,or blood loss.Hemorrhage that is sufficient to lower the blood pressure or emesis that is sufficient to reduce fluid volume stimulates the release of ADH.Other factors capable of influencing ADH secretion are pain,stress,malignant disease,surgical intervention,alcohol,and some medications.

Quiz 31: Endocrine Anatomy and Physiology