The "labor-in-vain" effect refers to:
A)the observation that participants will study more difficult items more than easy ones, but not enough to bridge the gap in recall between the two sets.
B)the observation that allocation of study time is not correlated with performance.
C)the observation that the hard work that goes into making JOLs should be redirected to actual study.
D)the observation that participants who tend to give inflated JOLs are also those with higher self-esteem.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The "labor-in-vain" effect refers to the phenomenon where participants tend to study more difficult items more than easy ones, but not enough to bridge the gap in recall between the two sets. This indicates that their efforts to study difficult items may have been in vain, as they did not perform better on those items. Option B is incorrect because it refers to the "fixed allocation" hypothesis, which suggests that people allocate a fixed amount of time to each item regardless of difficulty, but this is not the same as the labor-in-vain effect. Option C is incorrect because it talks about the redirection of effort from making JOLs to actual study, which is not related to the labor-in-vain effect. Option D is incorrect because it talks about the relationship between JOLs and self-esteem, which is not related to the labor-in-vain effect.

The "Labor-In-Vain" Effect Refers To