_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside of its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual.

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Indirect transmission occurs when a pathogen is transmitted from an infected individual to a susceptible individual via an intermediate object or organisms, such as contaminated surfaces, food, water or vectors (mosquitoes, fleas). Indirect transmission can be either short range or long range. When the pathogen has the ability to survive outside the host for a long period of time, it can result in long-range indirect transmission.

_____ Transmission of an Infectious Disease Occurs When a Pathogen