When Cary was eight years old,she was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as she was walking under a ladder.As an adult,Cary is still terrified of ladders.Based on principles of classical conditioning,the sound of the car backfiring

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The sound of the car backfiring acted as an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicited a startle response in Cary. This response became associated with the ladder, leading to her fear of ladders.

When Cary Was Eight Years Old,she Was Startled and Began