Cardiorespiratory Fitness,measured as VO₂ Max in ML/kg/min (Maximum Oxygen Consumption),is

Cardiorespiratory fitness,measured as VO₂ max in mL/kg/min (maximum oxygen consumption) ,is associated with increased longevity.Recent evidence suggests that higher fitness increases the life span.Those with a low VO₂ max have a life expectancy after 60 years of 7 years,those with moderate VO₂ max of 15 years,and those with a high VO₂ max have a life expectancy after 60 of 23 years.Which of the causal criteria is illustrated with this example?

A) Temporal relationship
B) Strength of association
C) Replicability of findings
D) Specificity of association
E) Dose-response effect