If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is

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The administration of caffeine is the treatment in this scenario as it is being manipulated in order to observe its effects on sleep. The control would be a group that does not consume caffeine, in order to compare the results. It is not unethical to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, as long as proper procedures and protocols are followed. The dependent variable in this scenario would be the quality or duration of sleep, which is being measured and recorded.

If You Wanted to Study the Effects of Caffeine on Sleep