According to several longitudinal research studies, the gateway theory of substance use explains patterns and progressions of substance use equally well for all populations.

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The gateway theory of substance use has been criticized for not accounting for individual, social, and environmental factors that may affect substance use patterns and progressions differently in different populations, such as age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, mental health, peer influence, and accessibility of substances. Therefore, the theory may not explain substance use equally well for all populations.

According to Several Longitudinal Research Studies, the Gateway Theory of Substance