______ argues that an individual's propensity for crime is largely determined during childhood as a result of incompetent parenting, and tends to persist thereafter.

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Self-control theory, developed by criminologists Gottfredson and Hirschi, argues that an individual's propensity for crime is largely determined by their level of self-control, which is largely shaped during childhood as a result of parenting practices. Incompetent parenting, characterized by inconsistency, harsh discipline, and low levels of emotional support, can lead to a lack of self-control and a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior later in life. This lack of self-control also tends to persist over time, leading to a pattern of continued criminal involvement.

______ Argues That an Individual's Propensity for Crime Is Largely