In 1918, based on research by the Children's Bureau, Jeanette Rankin introduced the Sheppard-Towner Bill. The bill called for the federal government to:

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The Sheppard-Towner Bill called for the federal government to provide grants-in-aid to states for the purpose of establishing maternal and child health programs. This was based on research conducted by the Children's Bureau which found that infant and maternal mortality rates were higher in rural areas and among certain socioeconomic groups. The bill was ultimately passed in 1921 and was the first federal social welfare program aimed at improving the health of mothers and children.

In 1918, Based on Research by the Children's Bureau, Jeanette