Which of the following methods is involved in the management of a PDA?

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Medical management includes maintaining euvolemia and by optimizing the hemoglobin to ensure adequate oxygen delivery. In mechanically ventilated patients, increasing PEEP may serve to decrease the pulmonary blood flow by increasing PVR. In addition, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as indomethacin and ibuprofen are often used in the medical management of PDA. Indomethacin may be used prophylactically to prevent PDA and therapeutically to treat a symptomatic PDA. A dose of indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg/dose IV) given in the first 24 hours of life can be effective in preventing a PDA. Therapy later in life is usually given over a 48-hour period. Doses of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 to 24 hours are effective. Side effects are uncommon but include oliguria, renal insufficiency, and dilutional hyponatremia. Ibuprofen may also be used, though a recent meta-analysis found that the use of ibuprofen was associated with increased incidence of chronic lung disease when compared to indomethacin.

Which of the Following Methods Is Involved in the Management