Which of the following clinical pathophysiologic manifestations are consistent with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
I.The majority of the blood flow is shunted from left right to right left.
II.Shunting typically occurs during ventricular diastole,which causes left atrial enlargement.
III.Chest radiography reveals an enlarged cardiac silhouette and increased pulmonary vascular markings,increasing pulmonary blood flow.
IV.Thickening and fibrosing of the pulmonary veins develop,decreasing pulmonary artery pressure.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The pathophysiology of VSDs involves left-to-right shunting,left ventricular volume overload,left atrial enlargement,and increased pulmonary blood flow.The size of the defect and the pulmonary vascular resistance determines the amount of shunting,which usually occurs during systole.Large defects may lead to large shunts,sometimes termed nonrestrictive VSDs,and may result in congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

Which of the Following Clinical Pathophysiologic Manifestations Are Consistent with a Large