In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that ________ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people.

Question

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Massey and Denton argue that the history of racial segregation, including redlining and discriminatory housing policies, has institutionalized inequality and perpetuated black poverty. They do not suggest that biological or cultural inferiority are at fault, and while market forces do play a role, they argue that segregation has distorted the functioning of markets in ways that exacerbate inequality.