What Do Edna Bonacich and Richard Appelbaum Mean When They

What do Edna Bonacich and Richard Appelbaum mean when they write about a global "race to the bottom" in the retail-dominated production of clothing?

A) Clothing retailers and manufacturers race to get out new products before anyone else and thus foment innovation and increasing quality in the sector.
B) Retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere on earth to pay the lowest possible wages, which results in dismal wages for workers-who are often children.
C) As the manufacture of clothing for large retailers was increasingly centered on areas of the Southern Hemisphere, competition for workers gradually brought wages up in these parts of the world.
D) A manufacturing race has been on for more than twenty years, and it pits large northern retailers against southern manufacturers.