Soil, regolith, and bedrock at a temperature that remains below 0°C (32°F)on a perennial basis is the catalyst that can produce:

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Permafrost is a layer of permanently frozen soil or rock that remains at or below 0°C (32°F) for at least two consecutive years. It forms in regions with cold temperatures and little annual thawing, such as in arctic and alpine environments where glaciers have formed in the past. Soil, regolith, and bedrock at these temperatures are necessary for the formation and maintenance of permafrost. Gelifluction, a type of mass wasting, occurs in active layer soils above permafrost and tarns are small mountain lakes formed by glacial action, but they are not directly related to soil temperature.

Soil, Regolith, and Bedrock at a Temperature That Remains Below