The main threat(s) to the validity of direct observation is (are)
A) observer effect.
B) observer bias.
C) instrumentation.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Both observer effect and observer bias can threaten the validity of direct observation. Observer effect refers to the change in behavior of the person being observed due to the presence of the observer. Observer bias refers to the subjective interpretation of the behavior being observed by the observer. Instrumentation, which refers to issues with the recording devices used for observation, is not as significant a threat to validity as observer effect and observer bias.

The Main Threat(s) to the Validity of Direct Observation Is