In an ex post facto investigation, a positive relationship was found between self-esteem (X) and reading achievement (Y).A plausible explanation for this finding is:
A) X causes Y
B) Y causes X.
C) a third variable causes both X and Y.
D) a and b
E) a, b, and c

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

In an ex post facto investigation, it's not possible to definitively establish causation. The positive relationship between self-esteem and reading achievement could be due to self-esteem causing better reading achievement, better reading achievement enhancing self-esteem, or a third variable influencing both self-esteem and reading achievement.

In an Ex Post Facto Investigation, a Positive Relationship Was