The Means to Enhance Differentiation Through Activities at the Forward

The means to enhance differentiation through activities at the forward end of the value chain system do not include

A) engaging in cooperative advertising and promotions.
B) creating exclusive arrangements with downstream sellers or other mechanisms that increase their incentives for enhanced-delivery customer value.
C) creating and enforcing standards for downstream activities.
D) assisting in training channel partners in business practices.
E) enhancing cost-reducing activities with defensive functionality designed to create incentives.